Theorem 7.6.2 (Odd Oddtown).label Let $\cali{F}\suf\cali{P}([n])$ be a family such that for all $A\neq B\in\cali{F}$

  1. (a)

    $\abs{A}\congruent{0}{2}$

  2. (b)

    $\abs{A\cap B}\congruent{1}{2}$

then

  1. (1)

    $\abs{\F}\leq n+1$

  2. (2)

    $\abs{\F}\leq n$

Proof. Using the same set up as Oddtown Theorem 7.6.1 over $\bb{F}_{2}$ we have the hypothesis is equivalent to

  1. (1)

    $\indi{A}\cd \indi{A}\congruent{0}{2}$

  2. (2)

    $\indi{A}\cd\indi{B}\congruent{1}{2}$

We now define a new family $\cali{F}'\suf\cali{P}([n+1])$ by

\begin{align*}\F'\define \curl{A'=A\cup \curl{n+1}:A\in\F}\end{align*}

which satisfies Oddtown Theorem 7.6.1 so $\abs{F}=\abs{F'}\leq n+1$. If there is a linear relation over $\bb{F}_{2}$ that is not the trivial relation then fix $B\in\F$ we have

\begin{align*}0=\sums{}{A\in\F}c_{A}\indi{A}\cd\indi{B}=\sums{}{A\neq B\in\F}c_{A}\end{align*}

Let $C\neq B\in\F$ then over $\bb{F}_{2}$

\begin{align*}0=\sums{}{A\neq B\in\F}c_{A}+\sums{}{A\neq C\in\F}c_{A}=\sums{}{A\neq B,C\in\F }2c_{A}+c_{C}+c_{B}=0+c_{C}+c_{B}\end{align*}

Hence $c_{B}=c_{C}$ for any $B,C\in\F$ and so $c_{A}=1$ for all $A\in\F$ and

\begin{align*}0=\sums{}{A\in\F}\indi{A}\end{align*}

Taking dot product with $\indi{B}$ again we see

\begin{align*}0=\sums{}{A\neq B\in\F }1=\abs{\F}-1\end{align*}

showing that $\abs{\F}$ is odd. Observe that

\begin{align*}\indi{A}\cd\indi{[n]}=\sums{n}{i=1}\indi{A}(i)=\abs{A}=0\end{align*}

so for each $A\in\F$ we have

\begin{align*}\indi{A}\in V\define \curl{x\in\bb{F}^n_2:x\cd\indi{[n]}=0}\end{align*}

where $V$ is the subspace of vectors with even number of $1$ in coordinates and $\dim V=n-1$ as the kernel of the linear functional $x\mto x\cd\indi{[n]}$. Using the trick of $\F'$ we consider

\begin{align*}\indi{A'}=(\indi{A},1)\in V\op \bb{F}_{2}\end{align*}

and using the hypothesis we have

  1. (1)

    $\indi{A'}\cd \indi{A'}\congruent{1}{2}$

  2. (2)

    $\indi{A'}\cd\indi{B'}\congruent{0}{2}$

So $\curl{\indi{A'}:A'\in\F'}$ is linearly independent over $\bb{F}_{2}$ and we conclude

\begin{align*}\abs{F}=\abs{F'}\leq\dim(V\op \bb{F}_{2})=(n-1)+1=n\end{align*}

as desired.$\square$

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